Everything you need to know about the most common watch materials

Jamie Weiss

If you own a watch, chances are, it’ll be made of steel. Whether it’s the buzzword-worthy “316L surgical” type (read – stainless steel), or a fancier compound like 904L, it’s by far the most common material used for watch cases thanks to its strength, corrosion resistance and relative ease of machining. Naturally, there’s a multitude of other materials used for watch cases out there, but which one is best, if there is such a thing? Spoiler alert and boring answer in one – there isn’t one best material. Whether you go for gold, aluminium, tantalum or plastic will highly depend on a huge variety of factors for both the manufacturer and consumer, but here’s a breakdown of the most common materials used to help you make the most informed decision.

Stainless steel

Known for its strength and durability, stainless steel is an ideal candidate for tool watches, as it’s robust and, importantly, corrosion-resistant. It’s a specific type of steel alloy containing chromium, which allows the steel to form a passive oxide layer on the surface. This layer is thin, invisible and self-repairing, giving the metal impressive corrosion-resistant properties. The layer also makes the metal non-porous and, therefore, great at preventing the growth of bacteria and keeping that gross watch gunk at a minimum.

While it can be a little awkward to get the machining dialled in right when using the right cutting tools and setup, manufacturers can create some fantastically shaped watch cases, and when the right grade of stainless steel is used, it can be polished to mirror-like precision. Stainless steel’s combination of corrosion resistance, strength, and aesthetic appeal makes it a versatile and widely used material in watchmaking, with some of the most iconic watches in history (usually) being made from it, such as the Rolex Submariner, Audemars Piguet Royal Oak or the Omega Speedmaster.

Titanium

Technically speaking, titanium is the ultimate tool watch material. Boasting an exceptional strength-to-weight ratio, it’s 45% lighter than stainless steel, while being equally as strong. It’s also incredibly corrosion-resistant and even fully biocompatible, making it perfect for something that is in constant contact with the skin. So much so, in fact, that it’s used heavily in things like medical implants and surgical instruments. All of its properties make it perfect for applications such as motorsport and aerospace, which require optimum strength along with ultra-lightness.

So what’s the problem? Why don’t we see more titanium watches? Frustratingly, you can’t have everything, and titanium’s handicap is its cost to produce. While it’s relatively abundant in nature, the process of refining and purifying is incredibly energy-intensive and costly, making it quite an expensive raw material. Nevertheless, watch brands take this wonder material and produce some awesome watches with it, such as the Tudor Pelagos and our very own Zenith x Time+Tide “Night Surfers”.

Gold

Where it all began. Gold was one of the first metals used in wristwatches, valued for its rarity throughout human history: from ancient civilisations to the gold rush of the 1800s, we have held gold as a symbol of wealth, power, and prestige. You can notice a “proper” gold watch from a mile away: there’s nothing quite like it as a statement piece. Known generally for its distinctive yellow metallic lustre, gold doesn’t tend to tarnish or corrode, making it excellent for jewellery and watches, especially with it being so malleable and ductile. In fact, a single gram of gold can be stretched into a thread several kilometres long without breaking.

Usually, in watches, there are three basic types of gold: the traditional yellow gold; rose gold, which is an alloy, typically containing a portion of copper to give that red hue; and white gold, which contains a mixture of gold, nickel and zinc, and sometimes even platinum for some extra shine. Wristwatches tend to not be made from pure 24k gold because it’s too soft and would essentially be too susceptible to damage from everyday use. Usually, we see watches made from 18k gold, a 75% gold alloy, mixed with other metals to give it some strength, though watchmakers have used 14k and 9k gold, too. Several watch brands now manufacture their own proprietary gold alloys, each with its own characteristics, such as Omega’s Moonshine Gold or Rolex’s Everose. Of course, given the desirable nature of the material, it’s been used in some of the most revered watches of all time: the Vacheron Constantin 222, A. Lange & Söhne Datograph, basically Patek Philippe’s entire catalogue… The list is endless.

Platinum

Perhaps gold isn’t fancy enough for you? How about something a little more special? Platinum is another precious metal that has all the typical corrosion-resistant, hypoallergenic and value-retention properties of gold, but with something a little different. Firstly, it has a distinct silvery-white appearance, but it’s also much denser than gold, and as such, considerably heavier, too. (It’s also slightly more scratch-resistant, but is still softer than steel.) These attributes have made it stand a little higher in the horological hierarchy because, as we all know, the heavier the precious metal watch, the more cool points for the wearer. Platinum is considered more prestigious than gold, so the price of platinum watches tends to be on the premium side, to say the least, and the watches themselves tend to be even rarer, despite the raw material being less costly.

Bronze

On paper, bronze isn’t necessarily the ideal metal to make a watch out of. Not only is it quite heavy, but it’s also highly reactive: as the metal reacts with oxygen and pH levels in the skin, it quickly tarnishes, generating a thin layer of patina. Patination can also be accelerated by exposure to salt water. However, it’s exactly this reactivity that makes bronze so compelling: because the development of patina is influenced by a myriad of different factors including the environment, shape of one’s wrist and usage, each bronze watch’s patina is unique to the wearer.

Bronze is also quite a robust metal, and the very patina that makes it look degraded actually protects the watch from other types of corrosion. Bronze also tends to give a watch an old-worldly feel and has an inherent nautical connotation thanks to its traditional use in marine applications. That’s why most bronze watches tend to be dive watches.

Silver

These days, silver isn’t a very common material seen in watchmaking (with the Tudor Black Bay 58 925 a notable modern exception), but traditionally silver was a common material for pocket watches, as it was cheaper than gold and more corrosion-resistant than iron. Similar to bronze, one of the main disadvantages of silver is that it tarnishes pretty easily – but also similar to bronze, this could be considered a boon rather than a curse, as it “personalises” your watch. Like gold, silver is also quite malleable and can scratch easily.

However, silver has its advantages, too: it’s quite anti-magnetic, it’s anti-bacterial, and it’s more affordable than other precious metals. Being a precious metal, it also benefits from all the prestige of such (although it’s not as prestigious as gold or platinum), and features a beautiful white shine.

Wood

Another material that’s surprisingly uncommon in modern watchmaking is wood. While brands (notably Rolex) have occasionally experimented with wooden dials, wooden-cased watches have traditionally been few and far between – with wooden watches reaching their mainstream peak in the 1960s and 70s with models from Bulova, Lip, Raketa and Universal Genève. Cartier also notably experimented with a wood-flanked and dialled version of their iconic Tank.

These days, wooden watches are typically associated with extremely cheap, generic designs found on marketplaces like Amazon and Alibaba. It’s not a particularly practical material for a watch: while it’s lightweight, cheap and biocompatible, wooden watches can’t be submerged in water, as wood can rot. Wood is also not particularly scratch-resistant.

Ceramic

In more modern times, watchmaking has explored some more extreme materials, one of which is ceramic. Typically produced as a compound of zirconium oxide powder, it’s moulded and then run through a sintering process comprising extreme heat and pressure until it reaches its final hardness and is precision machined into its final form. The versatility of ceramics is that different powders can be added into the compound during manufacturing, to produce fantastically vibrant colours. When complete, ceramic is incredibly hard and scratch-resistant, meaning that ceramic watches retain that “as-new” look for far longer than any metal watch.

One downside to this hardness, though, is how brittle the material can be, so in the event of a drop or a hard shock, it’s not unknown for the ceramic bezel to crack or even in extreme cases snap off (lugs are often casualties). Ceramics are commonly used in more contemporary watch designs, with brands such as Hublot or IWC pushing boundaries with the material, but it’s also becoming more commonplace on contemporary classics, with its hard-wearing properties being applied on bezels and other components across multiple brands. As technology develops, we’ll continue to see more and more ceramic watches, especially as trends are leaning towards more and more colour.

Aluminium

It’s not every day you come across a luxury aluminium wristwatch. Soft, malleable, and prone to corrosion, normal aluminium doesn’t necessarily lend itself well to watchmaking. However, a specific grade of the metal is more appropriate: 7075 aluminium is an aerospace-grade material used in motorsports and military applications, too. When treated correctly, it can be very strong in certain scenarios, and if coated with a DLC, can easily withstand being exposed to harsh environments, all while retaining that ultra-lightweight property.

These challenges mean that it’s not often used in luxury watchmaking, with alternative metals generally outperforming it in many ways, but there are a few examples that stand out – namely F.P. Journe’s Centigraphe and the quirky Bulgari Aluminium. Introduced in 1998, it changed the game (as Bulgari likes to do), delivering a fresh look utilising the use of aluminium and rubber and moving away from the traditional side of things. Also let’s not forget another game-changer, the Apple Watch, featuring an aluminium chassis since its introduction in 2015. Taking that into account, despite aluminium not being an ideal material in many ways, it’s actually been featured in the most popular watch of the 21st century so far.

Rubber

Another material that the Bulgari Aluminium pioneered in luxury watchmaking is rubber, featuring a rubber bezel and crown. Rubber is an extremely common material in watchmaking for straps, but few watches feature rubber cases or case elements. While rubber isn’t as durable as many materials used in watchmaking, it is extremely shock-resistant – and while it might not necessarily look that premium, it does look sporty. At the cheaper end, rubber case elements can be found in watches from Casio and Timex. Some more premium brands that use rubber in their watches include Norqain and Audemars Piguet.

Carbon fibre

Technology filters through industries over time, and another material that has found its way into watchmaking is carbon fibre. We first began to see its use in the early 2000s, usually in that same checked weave pattern you’d find inside a boy racer’s Volkswagen Golf GTI hatchback, and it’s fair to say it didn’t really age very well. However, as time has progressed, so has technology, which has made things much more complex. Carbon fibre is a name given to the composite material made up of fine carbon strands, interwoven and impregnated with a resin matrix. This process allows for extremely complex shapes and forms to be made and for them to have extreme levels of strength and rigidity.

Nowadays, we see more of what’s called “forged” carbon fibre, a process where the raw materials are combined in a mould under high pressure, and the strands have no uniformity. This produces the marble effect we see on watches such as the Tissot Sideral S and also allows for different colours to be added. It’s not just about aesthetics, though; carbon fibre is a high-tech material that has an exceptional strength-to-weight ratio and is highly durable and shock-resistant. It’s an acquired taste for sure, as not everyone feels like they can pull off a carbon fibre watch; however, with manufacturing becoming more excited with this material, I wouldn’t be surprised to see even more interesting carbon watches appear in the future.

Tantalum

Rarer than gold, notoriously expensive to mine and even more costly to machine, tantalum is next on the list of rare materials used in watchmaking. Named after Tantalus, the son of Zeus, the metal is incredibly tough and feared by machinists everywhere as it destroys the very machine tools that are used to process it. Like titanium in many ways, it has a bluish hue with a grey overtone, and has extreme levels of corrosion resistance and strength – however, unlike titanium, tantalum is much more dense and heavy. In fact, it’s even used in rocket exhausts by NASA; it’s that kind of special.

The weight of a tantalum watch on the wrist is comparable to that of a gold or platinum watch, yet is much more understated. Being so challenging to manufacture means that it’s a pretty rare find in the watch world, with very few manufacturers using it. Some notable examples include the F.P.Journe Chronomètre Bleu, Urwerk UR-105TTH and some vintage Audemars Piguet Royal Oak models. To date, the piece unique F.P. Journe Chronomètre Furtif Bleu Only Watch 2024 is the only watch with a full case and bracelet made solely from tantalum.

Sapphire

Now for something with a bit more sparkle. Sapphire watch cases are an ultra-premium, high-end choice in watchmaking, but not to be confused with its typically blue natural gemstone sibling. In this case, we refer to synthetic sapphire, a man-made material most commonly used in watches for the actual crystal sitting above the dial. Known for its exceptional clarity and hardness, it’s a perfect material to protect the dial, as it allows for optical perfection as we look at it and keeps it well protected. Grown in a laboratory, sapphire crystals with different tones and colours are created, then machined and polished into a diverse range of shapes and designs. While sapphire is exceptionally hard, it’s not as tough as some other materials. It can be more brittle and susceptible to shattering upon impact compared to materials like stainless steel – it’s scratch-resistant, but not drop-resistant.

Bioceramic

Unless you’ve lived under a rock for the last few years, you’ll have probably heard of the latest material craze running through the watch world, and that’s “Bioceramic” – a proprietary Swatch compound made famous thanks to the MoonSwatch, and more recently the ‘Thrifty Fathoms’. Swatch’s Bioceramic combines two-thirds zirconium oxide ceramic powder with one-third organic plastic made from responsibly sourced castor oil. Swatch isn’t the only brand to use castor oil-based plastics like this: Mondaine utilises a similar castor oil-based compound for the cases of their Essence range, but rather than being a mix of ceramic and castor oil, theirs are a mix of castor oil, fossil oil and glass fibres.

Plastic

The least glamorous but arguably most practical of all watch case materials, plastic is cheap, extremely shock-resistant and easy to form/machine into a wide variety of forms. A big trend in the watchmaking industry, however, is sustainable or recycled plastics. For instance, manufacturers as diverse as G-Shock, Swatch, Triwa, Bamford and even Ulysse Nardin use recycled plastic from reclaimed fishing nets to make watch cases. Obviously, plastic is also one of the most common materials for watch straps, with the vast majority of fabric straps made from nylon plastic.